How to learn Japanese

Above all, this article is for those who have just started learning Japanese and do not know anything about it yet. Specifically for them, we have collected many tips to get a hold and never let go of Japanese. Let's face it: there will be difficulties, they will begin after the first few months. But this article will help you deal with them.

The article will also be useful to those who have already reached the level of Intermediate and above. Here you will find resources that will help you to build your vocabulary, learn characters and grammar, practice listening and pronunciation.

Features of the Japanese language

• Difficult writing. The writing system in Japanese consists not only of kanji hieroglyphs but also of two syllabic alphabets — hiragana and katakana. Each of them has 46 characters. The first is used to write Japanese words, endings, particles, and other parts of speech. The second is for writing foreign words, names, and titles. Hiragana and katakana are collectively referred to as kana. The Latin alphabet is also used in Japanese, for example, for transliteration. In this case, the Latin letters are called romaji.
• Hieroglyphs have many readings. A hieroglyph in Japanese usually has more than one reading. Sometimes their number reaches 10 and even 15 for a single kanji. In addition, all readings are divided into two types: Japanese, or kunyomi, and Chinese — onyomi.
• Pitch accent. In Japanese, words are not divided into syllables, but into moras. These are rhythmic units pronounced with the same duration, so there is no stress like we are used to in English. But there is a “pitch accent”, which works by raising and lowering the voice. Each syllable-mora is pronounced in a high or low pitch, and the word acquires a unique accent outline. Moreover, Japanese, unlike Chinese, is not a tonal language. In tonal languages, the tone changes within one syllable, while in Japanese moras it doesn’t.
• Many cases. Various scholars distinguish between 10 and 15 grammatical cases in Japanese. For comparison, there are only six of them in Russian and three in English (in the latter they have been largely reduced to the use of different pronouns). In Japanese the nouns are changed by case using suffixes. Some cases can be combined and “layered” on top of each other.
• The verb is always at the end. Japanese word order is not as strict as, for example, English or Chinese. But there is still one strict rule: the predicate is always placed at the end of the sentence. In English, we say “Mary had a little lamb”, and in Japanese, it would be “A little lamb Mary had”. Therefore, beginners have to restructure their very thinking patterns to fit the Japanese word order.
• Just two tenses. In Japanese, there is no grammatical division into present and future tenses. Both are expressed in the same way. Because of this, it can be difficult for beginners to understand what the Japanese are talking about: is it their plans or what they are doing at the moment?
• Layering suffixes. In Japanese, all grammar is expressed using overlapping suffixes. Because of this, the words turn out to be very long and contain many meanings at once. For example, the word “来てほしくなかった” means “(I) didn’t want (you) to come”. It reads as “ki-te-hoshi-ku-na-katta” and has five suffixes.
• There is no indication of the plural. There is no grammatical way to show the number in Japanese. In English, for example, we can say “chair” and “chairs”, but in Japanese there is no such distinction. Whether it is many chairs or just one is clear only from the context. But some words can simply be repeated, and it turns them into plurals. For example, yama is a mountain, yama-yama is “many mountains.”
• Many Chinese borrowings. The Chinese culture has greatly influenced Japanese culture. Together with the Chinese characters, the Japanese also have borrowed words. Because of this, in the modern language, about half of all vocabulary is of Chinese origin. By the way, the same is the case in the Korean language.
• Polite language. The Japanese are known all over the world for their politeness, and this is reflected even in the language. There are three main registers of speech in Japanese. The topmost is called keigo (敬語), “polite language.” It really feels like a language within a language. It uses separate words and grammatical constructions, so even among the Japanese themselves, many do not speak it at a good level.

How do I learn Japanese on my own?

Before you start learning, remember a few simple rules:

1. Learn the language comprehensively. This means practicing all aspects of the language. Learn grammar, read, listen, speak. This will help you memorize new material better and really use the language. In the case of Japanese, at the beginning of learning, it is worth learning a small selection of basic words and characters so that studying further grammar and other sections will be easier. Some resources advise you to learn 300 characters before mastering grammar, but we recommend trying at least 50-100 first.
2. Make learning fun. Sincere interest is the best fuel for motivation. Think about what you like the most about Japanese language and Japanese culture. If it's anime — watch your favorite titles with Japanese subtitles; if music, then translate the lyrics of your favorite songs. Perhaps you are fond of kendo or ikebana, in which case you can read specialized texts about these activities in Japanese.
3. Learn the language every day. Constant repetition is the key to mastering any language. You can find time to study even on the busiest days — study on the subway, at lunchtime, or for 15 minutes before bed. Apps like Duolingo, Memrise, or Quizlet can help you with this.
4. Take small steps. Remember the rule: before taking on something new, you should already have perfected 80% of previous material. You shouldn’t get in over your head and immediately tackle advanced grammar and complex texts. This will only waste your time. Move forward gradually, in small steps.

So what should be your first steps in learning Japanese?

Hiragana — The Japanese alphabet

Hiragana is one of the three components of the Japanese writing system. The other two are katakana and kanji, we’ll tell more about them later. It's best starting with hiragana. Once you learn it, you can read and write Japanese words. In many textbooks, knowing hiragana is a prerequisite for starting classes.

The letters in hiragana denote not individual sounds, like in the English alphabet, but rather moras, rhythmic units. They differ from syllables in that they are pronounced with the same duration, and they do not always include vowels. For example, the sound [n] (ん) in Japanese is a mora, but not a syllable.

Hiragana consists of 46 characters. Learning them is not as difficult as it seems. You can do this in a week, and just learning to read can take roughly just a day. Using hiragana is quite simple: words are written as they are heard. There are exceptions, but they can be counted on the fingers of one hand.

Resources for learning hiragana

Basics of Japanese pronunciation

Japanese is considered a phonetically poor language: it has fewer sounds than many others. Because of this, phonetics is usually called the easiest part of learning it. But although there are few sounds in Japanese, most of them are very different from the English ones: many English sounds don’t exist in Japanese and vice versa, there are only 5 vowels in comparison to the English 15, and so on. Therefore, it is important at the very beginning to devote time to the basics of pronunciation. At least to read hiragana in Japanese, not some other language.

Do not go too deep: in the initial stages, you should not be interested in Japanese pitch accent. Just know that it exists. But the pronunciation of the Japanese [r] sound (which is closer to [l] in [l]ip than to English [r]), the peculiarities of reading ふ つ ち し and long vowels are the things you must know.

You can read about this in more detail here.

How to type in Japanese

Some modern tutorials do away with traditional writing altogether and go straight to typing characters on a computer. This is due to the fact that situations when we have to write by hand happen less and less often. Typing in Japanese is very easy: you can master it in less than an hour. You just need to install the Japanese keyboard layout on your computer, and then you can enter Japanese characters using their Latin readings. If you have any difficulties, refer to the video below.

But learning to write hiragana is still worth it — without it, you will have a hard time with kaiji. And if you go to Japan, especially to study, you cannot avoid it: to this day, the main tools of the Japanese bureaucracy are paper and pen.

What is the Japanese hieroglyph

You will begin encountering kanji characters from the very beginning of studying, so getting around them is impossible. First of all, you need to figure out what they are. In short, a hieroglyph is a symbol. It differs from the letters of the alphabet in that it has not only reading but also meaning. A hieroglyph can be a word in itself, or it can be part of a word made up from several hieroglyphs. At the same time, each kanji has two readings — Japanese reading, or kunyomi, and Chinese — onyomi. Details about the difference in readings are given here, and about the structure of hieroglyphs — here.

First kanji and words

Once you understand the basics, you can start learning kanji. It is necessary to memorize not only the spelling and meanings of hieroglyphs, but also their readings, and the words in which they are included. This way the kanji will stay in your head for a long time.

You determine the scope of work yourself. A good learning pace is 20-30 characters and 100 words per week, but 10 kanji is also fine. How exactly you memorize hieroglyphs — by writing in a notebook or by saving in an application — is not so important. The main thing is just to do it. Though we can say from personal experience that handwritten hieroglyphs are remembered better.

Kanji is often learned later, several months after the start of studies. Learning hieroglyphs early, however, has one big advantage: once you plunge headlong into grammar, you will already have a good vocabulary to compose sentences and practice. You will immediately be able to read what is written in the textbook, therefore you won’t be distracted by unfamiliar words.

Still, you should not try to memorize all the hieroglyphs that you come across, memorize only the major ones. Words consisting of complex kanji, or conversely, lacking kanji, can be written and taught in hiragana.

Resources for learning kanji

Katakana

At the same time as learning kanji, you should start learning katakana. Katakana is the second of the Japanese alphabets. It is mainly used for writing foreign and loaned words. For beginners, it is usually more difficult due to the fact that it is used less often. In it, as in hiragana, there are 46 symbols that denote the same sounds. Some of the letters are similar, but most are different beyond recognition. Don't worry, with additional resources it is not difficult to learn them.

Resources for learning katakana

Japanese grammar

Once you have a minimal vocabulary, you can start practicing grammar. You will probably already know something about the word order and cases by then. The tutorials will help you delve into the topic. All the material in them is built according to a well-thought-out program so that the level of difficulty will increase gradually. The disadvantage of textbooks is that most of them are designed for lessons with a teacher, so they do not explain many things.

Alternatively, there are many resources devoted to grammar, and on the website Hinative, you can ask questions to native speakers. If you are learning the language on your own, make sure to check their answers in several sources.

And yet, you will surely come across topics that you won’t be able to find answers to, no matter how hard you try. In this case, it is worth hiring a tutor. Do it as early as possible, especially if you have little experience in learning foreign languages. However, do not rely entirely on the teacher. You need to learn hieroglyphs on your own (and do it consistently). The teacher will not do it for you, and they are given too little attention in the textbooks.

Japanese tutorials for beginners

Grammar

Reading in Japanese

By reading, you fix familiar words and expressions in your memory and learn new ones. But if you have just started to master the language, reading authentic Japanese texts will not be possible for you. You need adapted texts in either hiragana or kanji with furigana. Furigana is a kanji reading added next to it in hiragana. These can be found in textbooks, but children's books of fairy tales are also suitable. You can also use the website Satori Reader. It has texts for different levels, and they can be adapted to suit your needs: add furigana to all the hieroglyphs or only to some, leave spaces between words, or remove them — like in a proper Japanese text. You can find a detailed guide on using the application here.

Resources for reading practice

Listening in Japanese

Assignments are included in all good textbooks. You can do them both with a tutor or on your own: there is usually a script of each recording at the end of the book. True, the dialogues in the textbooks are always very similar — this is either a trip to the bank, a conversation with a teacher, or a "Sorry, I lost my wallet, can you tell me where the nearest police station is?" sort of deal. It gets boring quickly, so additional resources will come in handy.

For beginners, FluentU is great. The materials there are divided into levels, but they contain real unadapted Japanese. Therefore, classes there are a challenge, but a doable one.

You can also use children's cartoons to practice listening. For example, Ganbare! Oden-kun (がんばれ！おでんくん) or Nihon Mukashibanashi (日本昔話). The wording in them is not very difficult, so you can study up to the Intermediate level. Particularly useful words can be written out and memorized. On your first watch, it's best to turn off subtitles and try to understand as much as possible yourself. And then, after viewing it a few times, turn the subtitles on and check how well you understand the words.

Resources for listening

Speaking Japanese

Stress in Japanese

Since we have reached the point of speaking, it’s time to say a few words about pitch accent. Contrary to popular belief, accent exists in Japanese. There it is done by raising and lowering the voice and somewhat resembles singing. Actually, that is why it is called "pitch." The meaning of a word sometimes depends on the correct stress.

Again, at the beginner level, you should not get into the depths and try to memorize the accent outline of each word, but it is still worth learning the basic rules, especially since there are only three of them. Find detailed information here. You can check the pronunciation of a word in the OJAD dictionary.

The correct use of stress will make your Japanese speech much clearer and more beautiful than most foreigners’ (especially beginners). Favorite anime and TV series will help you to improve your pronunciation. Pay attention to the way the characters speak when you watch them. Repeat them word for word, copying the intonation. This technique is called "shadowing." If you are a big fan of Japanese culture, you will not notice how you start to speak more naturally.

Finding opportunities to speak

You can try to find a language partner on social media or apps like Tandem or Easy Language Exchange. Another way is to enroll in courses or hire a teacher.

Create a language environment around you

The more you interact with the language, the faster you progress. So surround yourself with it as much as possible. If you are reading this article and have reached this far, you have probably already watched a huge number of anime. Passion will bring real benefits if you revisit your favorite titles with Japanese subtitles. Yes, it will be difficult, but that is why it is worth starting with what you have already watched — after all, you know perfectly well what is going on. And this time, you will definitely pick up something other than kawaii and senpai.

If you are not a fan of anime, then Japanese culture has many other interesting things to offer, from the classics of world cinema to insane TV shows. And watch more Japanese YouTube. Sometimes fascinating things are hidden where you least expect them — for example, in real estate reviews.

• A selection of the best Japanese films;
• A selection of anime;
• A selection of the best YouTube channels;
• The best Japanese TV series on Netflix.

Where to learn Japanese?

You can study the language not only on your own but also in courses and with a tutor. Each method has its own advantages.

Courses:

• The cost is lower than for lessons with a tutor;
• More speaking practice — the student gets used to the speech of different people;
• The ability to learn not only from your mistakes but also from others;
• Competition in the classroom can provide additional incentives for learning.

Tutor:

• The teacher will devote all the time only to you;
• You can practice at a comfortable pace for yourself, neither wait for nor try to catch up to others. This is especially relevant for the Japanese language because the groups are often composed of people with completely different levels.

The most effective way to learn a language is in its natural environment, in language courses in Japan. But it is better to go there, already knowing at least the basics. Absolute beginners will have a hard time: Japan speaks very bad English^[1]. There are two good websites for finding a tutor, even a native Japanese: Preply and italkiA

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